Can The Promised Tesla Bot Bring
A Sudden End To Human Life On Earth?

What Does Courage Mean?

Courage alone cannot break a world record.  But, it brings out the finest in human qualities. While it enables ordinary people to triumph in a harsh environment, unique and exceptional acts of courage win universal respect. At its highest level, courage is the emotion, which grants extraordinary strength to a person to steadfastly do the right thing in the face of daunting dangers.

Ordinary acts of courage demand a suppression of the fear emotion. Great acts of courage require both a strong will and inherited excellence in the relevant field. A courageous act is initiated by a subconscious emotion.   The emotion improves performance, but can not grant strengths, which exceed an individual's natural capabilities.

• Courage enables even an ordinary person to persist, unrewarded, while facing hardship, pain, shame, intimidation, certain defeat, or even death.
• Courage is an emotion, which takes control of human behavior, switching off reactions to fear, pain, shame and even bodily weariness.
• Courage enables excellence, but does not add brand new talents.
• Heroic courage stands on the superior talents of the individual.
• Courage grants a person patience - the quiet voice, which says "I will try again tomorrow."
• Courageous acts of social, or martial confrontation may not be initiated by the effects of oxytocin.
• A wise objective is needed for a publicly admired act of courage.
• An act of courage is a powerful expression of prefrontal will.
• Great leaders are able to instil courage in their followers.

Could An Amazing Algorithm Have Stunning Control Over Your Mind?
This is what happens when an engineer researches the mind. Way back in 1989, the writer, an engineer, catalogued how the ELIMINATION approach of an AI Expert System could reveal a way by which the nervous system could store and retrieve astronomically large memories.  That historic insight is central to the six irresistible premises presented in this website. 

Behind the scenes, these premises conceal an eye-opening revelation.  About the incredible speed of intuition.  A physician is aware of thousands of diseases and their related symptoms.  How does he note a symptom and focus on a single disease in less than half a second?  How could he identify Disease X out of 8000 diseases with just a glance?  

First, the total born and learned knowledge available to the doctor could not exist anywhere other than as the stored/retrieved data within the 100 billion neurons in his brain.  The perceptions, sensations, feelings and physical activities of the doctor could only be enabled by the electrical impulses flowing through the axons of those neurons.  The data enabling that process could be stored as digital combinations.

Second, combinatorial decisions of neurons cannot be made by any entity other than the axon hillock, which decides the axonal output of each neuron.  The hillock receives hundreds of inputs from other neurons.  Each hillock makes the pivotal neuronal decision about received inputs within 5 milliseconds.  Axon hillocks could be storing digital combinations.  It could be adding each new incoming digital combination to its memory store.  The hillock could fire impulses, if it matched a stored combination. If not, it could inhibit further impulses.  Using stored digital data to make decisions about incoming messages could make the axon hillocks intelligent.

Third, combinations are reported to enable a powerful coding mode for axon hillocks.  Olfactory combinatorial data is known (Nobel Prize 2004) to store memories for millions of smells.  Each one of 100 billion axon hillocks have around a 1000 links  to other neurons.  The hillocks can mathematically store more combinations than there are stars in the sky. Each new digital combination could be adding a new relationship link.  In this infinite store, specific axon hillocks could be storing all the symptom = disease (S=D) links known to the doctor as digital combinations.

Fourth, instant communication is possible in the nervous system.  Within five steps, information in one hillock can reach all other relevant neurons.  Just 20 Ms for global awareness.  Within the instant the doctor observes a symptom, feedback and feed forward links could inform every S=D link of the presence of the symptom. Only the S=D link of Disease X could be recalling the combination and recognizing the symptom.

Fifth, on not recognizing the symptom, all other S=D hillocks could be instantly inhibiting their impulses. The S=D links of Disease X could be continuing to fire. Those firing S=D link would be recalling past complaints, treatments and signs of Disease X, confirming the diagnosis.  This could be enabling axon hillocks to identify Disease X out of 8000 in milliseconds.  Eliminating improbable (unrecognized) prospects to arrive at a possible (recognized in the past) solution powers the powerful inductive logic of the mind!

Worldwide interest in this website acknowledges its rationale. Not metaphysical theories, but processing of digital memories in axon hillocks could be explaining innumerable mysteries of the mind.  Over three decades, this website has been assembling more and more evidence of the manipulation of emotional and physical behaviors by narrowly focused digital pattern recognition.  It has also received over 2 million page views from over 150 countries.

What Does Courage Mean
When Is Courage Triggered?
When the right conditions appear, the brain triggers the courage emotion. The individual's objective must be just for an action to be perceived as being courageous. The emotion is strengthened by the possibility of victory. A belief in extraordinary strength also helps. Possession of the physical and mental skills needed to succeed add to the power of courage.

Once triggered, the emotion acts to strengthen will by stilling debilitating fear and by persistently focusing the mind on a positive goal. Courage empowers even ordinary people to persist in their tasks without expecting rewards, while facing hardship, pain, shame, intimidation, certain defeat, or even the threat of death. Exemplary courage enables a person with extraordinary skills to attempt uncommon tasks.

What Does Courage Mean 
Do Emotions Guide Most Human Behavior?
The courage emotion empowers virtuous behavior. Emotions evolved to control behaviors to meet survival needs. Emotional controls originate from the limbic system as patterns of control impulses. The combinatorial wisdom of the nervous system responds to these impulses by instantly formulating attitudes and modifying behaviors.

Paul Eckman, the famous emotions scientist said "We become aware a quarter, or half second after the emotion begins. I do not choose to have an emotion, to become afraid, or to become angry. I am suddenly angry. I can usually figure out later what someone did that caused the emotion."  For each recognized situation, the nervous system triggers an emotion, which triggers a particular type of behavior.  Emotions are not a matter of choice.  Courage is also not a matter of choice.

Anger, fear, despair and courage are different emotions. The attitude of anger is indifference to consequences as it lashes out. Fear blinds memories of past successes and compels the individual to withdraw from confrontation. Despair switches off pleasant avenues of thought as it envelops a person in gloom. Courage empowers positive action by switching off reactions to fear, pain, shame and even bodily weariness. When courage takes control, it sets an attitude, which calmly faces fear and disapproval.

What Does Courage Mean
Can Emotions Add New Talents To An Individual?
Emotions trigger powerful and virtually instantaneous changes in behavior patterns. If, an average person is suddenly required to walk on a plank a hundred feet above ground, his fear will kick in. Fear will stiffen him into immobility. Even slight movements will appear to be life threatening. Instead of walking, he will desperately want to lie down and grip the plank. That emotion will instantly suppress even his elementary abilities.

Within the blink of an eye, an average person will have lost his normal capacity to walk a few steps on a plank. Effectively, a single emotion will have modified his entire behavior. As against the effects of fear, courage can still the debilitating efforts of fear and enable the person to walk steadily on the plank. But emotions can only modify behavior to reach the best achievable by an individual's inherited talents. Courage will be triggered only if the individual has an adequate sense of balance. Courage cannot add brand new talents.

What Does Courage Mean
What Is The Pivotal Quality Of Heroic Courage?
Great acts of courage are universally admired. Exemplary actions win the Victoria Cross, the Medal of Honor, or the Profile in Courage Award. Peter Drucker suggested that an individual's area of excellence is his/her ability to do something that others find difficult to do. Great courage stands on excellence.

Excellence in any field builds memories of success and grants inner strength to an individual. A gallant attack against the enemy or the passionate expression of an idea demands the inner confidence that the contemplated action can be executed successfully. For fear to be successfully stilled, the system requires prior experience of success in the field. Exceptional skills are the needed foundations for the activation of heroic courage.

What Does Courage Mean
Is Patience An Output Of The Nervous System?
Professor Wolfram Schultz discovered how nature utilizes an intricate neural mechanism to trigger the patience emotion that enables persistent efforts. The emotion makes a person persevere to achieve an objective. To make this happen, the system energizes the forebrain and switches off the emotion of annoyance and anger in the face of setbacks. Schultz discovered that, when a reward is expected, the early reptilian part of the human brain sends dopamine to the forebrain.

Increased dopamine strengthens forebrain activity, bringing clarity to objectives. A person feels more energetic and elated. Heightened prefrontal activity inhibits the amygdala, which triggers fear, anger or despair in the face of provocation. Schultz noted that the system was sensitive to the expected time to be taken to receive the reward. If the reward was not received within this period, the despatch of dopamine stops. Energy disappears and annoyance takes its place. Patience is a system determined attitude. Courage also triggers patience.

What Does Courage Mean
How Does Courage Deal With Negativity?
An action is seen to be courageous, when it is opposed to “normal” instinctive behavior. Emotions determine behavior beneath conscious levels. The courage emotion mandates behaviors, which far exceed the demands of simple patience. A gallantry award is given to a soldier, who acts against the enemy with intrepidity at the risk of his life, above and beyond the call of duty. In public life, courage is recognized, when people act in accord with their conscience, risking their careers or lives by pursuing a larger vision, in opposition to popular opinion or social pressures.

Emotions act beneath conscious levels and control behavior. A fearful, or despairing approach will compel a person to give up. Evidently, courage acts to still many disabling emotions. Fear, which normally paralyzes a person becomes stilled. Neither is the person diverted from his goal by the expectation of a reward. The weakening effects of public condemnation, intimidation, anticipation of certain defeat, or of physical pain do not deplete the determination of a courageous person. The effect of the courage emotion is to still negativity.

What Does Courage Mean
What Is The Effect Of Oxytocin?
Stanford University psychologist Kelly McGonigal attributes courageous acts to a sense of social cohesion, empowered by the presence of oxytocin. It is a neurohypophysial hormone, which does act to still some negative emotions. The hypothalamus produces and stores oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland. It acts on its receptors in numerous regions of the brain to support certain uniquely focused behaviors.

In a TED talk, Kelly McGonigal justified her view with the report of an 8 year survey of people, who had admitted to feeling highly stressed during the previous year.  The researchers found that, in this group, people who believed that stress was harmful were 43% more likely to die than those who believed that stress was good for them. McGonigal noted that the stress hormone cortisol acts to constrict arteries, leading to heart attacks.

On the other hand, oxytocin, which is also a stress hormone, plays the role of opening up constricted arteries. She suggested that oxytocin, which leads to good feelings while under stress, contributed to their survival. McGonigal suggested that the biology of courage comes from connecting with others. That resilience was created in the body with the belief that stress is good for you.

What Does Courage Mean
Is "Warmth & Goodwill" Typical Of Courage?
The major effect of oxytocin is to increase empathy, social cohesiveness, warmth and love. There is improved recognition for positive social cues over threatening social cues. But, emotional controls act with incredible precision. The attitudes of warmth and goodwill will not produce fierce responses to the enemy, or bring the disruptive efforts needed to compel social change. The overall effects of the hormone appear to be detached from the demands of gallantry in battle, or of heroic social struggles.

Social or martial confrontation is an essential component of courageous behavior. It is unlikely that the confrontational aspect of courage originates from the effects of oxytocin.  Many of the numerous known effects of oxytocin have little relationship to courage. Oxytocin receptors are expressed by neurons in many regions, including the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus, septum, nucleus accumbens, and brainstem.

The most powerful impact of oxytocin is its direct support of numerous motor functions during child birth. The attitude triggered by oxytocin supports active efforts in the face of extreme pain. Raised levels of oxytocin appear to operate in a feedback loop, which act to stimulate contractions. The mechanisms, which trigger courage may lie in other regions of the brain.

What Does Courage Mean
What Is The Crucial Quality Of Courage?
Great acts of courage are universally admired. For such admiration to be present, the objective of the action needs to be chosen wisely.  This implies that the objective of the action has been selected by the highest level human intelligence, the prefrontal brain. The philosopher Rudolf Steiner suggested that a true expression of will appeared “when conscious awareness was integrated with moral imagination in making decisions.”

A courageous action is an act of virtue, because the most powerful intelligence within the individual believes it to be right, regardless of the opinions of others. It becomes a powerful force, without external coercion in accordance with an individual's ideals or moral outlook.   A courageous action demands conviction and persistence. In the normal course, an individual's conscience as expressed by his prefrontal regions may lack the strength to enforce a decision, because greed, fear, or anger controls the system.

Aquinas holds fortitude or courage as being primarily about endurance, not attack, because it is more difficult to allay fear than to moderate daring. As Schultz noted, when a person expects the reward of meeting his well considered objective, his internal systems still debilitating fear. The courageous person persists in his actions in the face of dangers. Courage becomes the quiet voice at the end of the day saying, “I will try again tomorrow.”

What Does Courage Mean
Which Brain Region Intensifies Courage?
An act of courage is the choice of a single objective in the face of a bewildering array of choices. It ignores the instinctive impulses of fear, shame and weariness. Despite distractions, the mind returns to the task again and again. This is because the prefrontal brain has focused its attention on a specific goal. The basal ganglia is a basic component of the forebrain which supports the attentional mechanism, where focused attention controls sequences of motor functions or thoughts.

Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia exert an inhibitory influence on a number of motor systems, and that a release of this inhibition permits a specific motor system to become active. The region functions by inhibiting irrelevant motor systems and empower focused actions through increased neural activity in the focused region. It is believed to select one out of several possible behaviors to execute at a given time. When the prefrontal region becomes strongly convinced, the basal ganglia executes the considered will of the courageous individual. An act of courage is the powerful expression of the prefrontal will.

What Does Courage Mean
Can Courage Be Inculcated?
Great leaders have the ability to imbue their followers with courage. They set the right conditions for the emotion to be triggered. They train them to produce their best. They reassure them, when their actions are successful. They make them believe that they have extraordinary strengths. They convey visions of a just and achievable objective. They convince them that victory lies on their side. The visions of a reward fill their followers with energy and quiet their fears. Across history, heroic leaders have shown that the moral courage of people is more formidable than the arsenals of empires. Courage is the weapon which has won battles across thousands of years of history.

This page was last updated on 18-Sep-2016.

Jordan Peterson - Happiness
Can Artificial Intelligence Replace Humans?
The Hard Problem Of Consciousness

SCROLL DOWN FOR MORE....